Dos son los objetivos fundamentales de estas páginas. En primer lugar, analizar la postura de Unamuno ante el avance de la democracia en la Europa de principios de siglo. Esta posición que en apariencia se muestra contradictoria, adquirirá sentido pleno al distinguir entre democracia liberal y no liberal. Y en segundo lugar, rastrear las principales aportaciones que su pensamiento político puede ofrecer hoy en día a la teoría política en general y la teoría de la democracia en particular.

The purpose of this article is to present a business ethics case from the viewpoint of discursive ethics. Dialogue and subsequent agreement constitute two key ideas of European identity and are two basic concepts of discursive ethics thinking. Our choice for this type of approach was determined by several reasons, of which there are three that should be pointed out, as they can be considered an heritage of the European way of thinking:1) the need for a rational dialogue, in which (...) all those affected -- or, failing that, the people acting in their name -- are represented, as a way to find solutions to conflicts;2) the importance of respecting a set of conditions ensuring equal opportunities and total symmetry among the participants; and3) obliged respect for the universalization principle, which establishes that a decision is morally correct when it can or could be accepted by all those whom it affects, present or future.In order to present this case, the following steps are taken. Firstly, a brief summary of the case will be provided, defining the different ways of approaching the problem and the resulting map of interests. Secondly, the different interests and values, which came into play, are analysed. Finally, we go over the different approaches that were made to reach a solution before considering dialogue, which turned out to be the most decisive. (shrink)

Resumen: El objetivo es presentar una propuesta didáctica que permite que los centros educativos sirvan como instrumentos de cohesión social y como lugares de posibilidad de transformación social y educativa. El texto está estructurado en tres partes. En primer lugar, se reconoce la necesidad de las propuestas innovadoras y se alerta del riesgo que pueden conllevar al perpetuar un sistema de desigualdad. A continuación, se propone un cambio en la cultura organizativa de los centros educativos de la mano de las (...) Comunidades de Aprendizaje; tras analizar sus fundamentos, se exponen tres de las acciones didácticas que pretenden lograr la igualdad en los resultados. Finalmente, se repasan las ventajas y desventajas y se presentan las conclusiones. Palabras clave: filosofía, aprendizaje dialógico, democracia, comunidades de aprendizaje, igualdad de oportunidades. English tilte: The Challenge of Philosophy Subjects: Towards Equality of ResultsAbstract: The paper aims to present a didactic proposal which enables educational centres to serve as mechanisms of social cohesion and as places where social and educational transformation is possible. The text is structured in three parts. After acknowledging the need for innovative proposals, I point out the risk of perpetuating a system of inequality that they can entail. Next, I propose a change in the organisational culture of schools brought about by Learning Communities—I analyse its bases and present three didactic actions that aim to achieve equality of outcomes. Finally, I comment on the advantages and disadvantages of this proposal. (shrink)

Background: Advances in biomedical sciences, technologies and care practices have resulted in an increase in ethical problems and a resulting growth of difficulties encountered by health workers in their professional activity. Objective: The main objective of this study was to analyse knowledge in the ethical field and experience with and the propensity for using ethics consultations by nurses and physicians. Methods: Between March and June 2014, a cross-sectional observational study was conducted on a sample of 351 nurses and 128 physicians (...) in four central Italian hospitals. For data collection, a semi-structured questionnaire was used, consisting of 21 items divided into four sections exploring (1) demographic and occupational characteristics, (2) knowledge in the ethics field, (3) experience with ethical issues and (4) the propensity to use ethics consultation. Ethical considerations: Research ethics approval was obtained from the Italian Nurses Professional Board. Results: The results show that both nurses and physicians are faced with ethically sensitive situations. Nurses were found to have better judgement concerning their own knowledge than physicians, but more physicians were found to have a deeper level of specific training in ethics issues. The propensity to ask for ethics consultations to address ethical issues was found to be significantly associated with the degree to which ethical issues have deepened (and the level of experience acquired in this field). Conclusion: The presence of a consulting service that can lead to shared choices may represent, together with basic and continuing education, a valid support for professional growth in the ethical field for both physicians and nurses. (shrink)

Food citizenship is considered a helpful tool for extending the debate about the rights and duties of citizens to the field of food, and for fomenting participation of all actors in the governance of agri-food systems. Despite its generalized use, this concept has still to be systematically defined. The objective of this article is to apply the analytical framework of citizenship to the food dimension in order to identify the features which, from an analytical perspective, characterise food citizenship. By reviewing (...) the available literature, we identify which are the constituent elements associated with the current concept of citizenship and we explore the treatment that different food theory approaches give to them. We also analyze what are the characteristics attributed to food citizenship by scholars and food movement practitioners. In addition, we propose a theoretical model of food citizenship structured into eight propositions. These propositions have as core ideas an extended concept of the right to food, the assumption of obligations, the combination of public and private behavior, the individual and collective participation, the empowerment of all actors of the agri-food system, the promotion of justice, fairness and sustainability in food systems, and a cosmopolitan character of food citizenship. The theoretical model of food citizenship we propose is a framework under construction, but we believe it to be a useful tool to stimulate theoretical debate about the concept, guide empirical research and foment citizen awareness about food issues. (shrink)

La formación ciudadana constituye uno de los pilares fundamentales para las movilizaciones sociales con sentido, democráticas, inteligentes y conscientes. La presente revisión tuvo como propósito elaborar una recopilación de la literatura sobre el concepto de formación ciudadana en relación a la protesta social. Se efectuó una revisión sistemática que recogió 43 artículos de carácter empírico analítico. De esta forma, se precisaron aspectos relacionados con los retos y tensiones de la formación ciudadana en Latinoamérica y, en particular, en la del caso (...) colombiano. Todo esto ejemplifica la importancia de reconocer que todo el componente educativo formal tiene un poder significativo en la conciencia colectiva, con sujetos críticos, autónomos, con valores, sensibles a las problemáticas de su contexto, capaces de asumir una actitud reflexiva para la toma de decisiones apropiadas. (shrink)

Les modèles traditionnels de la masculinité et de la féminité ont été bouleversés au cours des trente dernières années. On observe ainsi des rapprochements entre les expériences sociales féminines et masculines, une certaine porosité des frontières entre les sexes et l’élaboration d’identités sexuées aux contours mouvants. Partant de ces constats, le livre de Marie-Laure Déroff, confronte des modèles médiatisés de la masculinité et de la féminité et des récits de vie centrés sur la sexualité....

Este artículo estudia la razón de Zambrano desde sus albores como razón mediadora. Su rechazo del sistema va unido a su comienzo en la intuición y a su decurso temporal, que analizamos en relación con Bergson y Husserl. La razón poética va más allá de ese núcleo intuitivo para revelar re-flexivamente incluso lo invisible. Su inmersión en las profundidades, en la pasividad actuante, en las entrañas, en la multiplicidad de los tiempos es paralela a la fenomenología de la génesis merleau-pontiana, (...) a su poiesis carnal e incluso al telos de una razón ampliada al sentir. Ambos filósofos ejercitan su nueva concepción de la filosofía en la existencia. (shrink)

Testifying subjected to hermeneutical injustice. Sexual harm and discernment Resumen: Junto a la concepción del testimonio como institución social sometida a condiciones y normas, hay en Conocimiento expropiado (Broncano 2020) una segunda forma de concebir la práctica epistémica del testimonio que entra en conflicto con la primera y que parece pasar inadvertida. Esta segunda concepción se manifiesta en el modo en que Broncano delimita el acto de testimoniar y la dependencia epistémica. El objetivo de esta contribución es mostrar el conflicto (...) existente entre ambos modos de concebir el testimonio a partir de la tensión interna que presentan: mientras que la concepción del testimonio como institución social nos permite reconocer algunas formas fundamentales de testimonio (a saber, el testimonio de las víctimas de injusticia hermenéutica), las definiciones del acto de testimoniar y de la dependencia epistémica parecen excluirlas. Lejos de invalidar el análisis de Broncano, la tensión interna, aunque problemática para los casos en los que quien testimonia está sometida a la injusticia hermenéutica es, en primer lugar, necesaria para comprender los casos de injusticia discursiva o injusticia testimonial —y, por lo tanto, no defiendo su rechazo?; y, en segundo lugar, pone de relieve la importancia vital de concebir el testimonio como una institución social. Abstract: Alongside the conception of testimony as a social institution subject to conditions and norms, there arises in Conocimiento expropiado (Broncano 2020) a second way of conceiving the epistemic practice of testimony that conflicts with the first and seems to go unnoticed. This second conception is manifest in the way Broncano delimits the act of testimony and the epistemic dependence. The aim of this contribution is to show the conflict between these two ways of conceiving testimony through the internal tension they present: while the conception of testimony as a social institution allows us to recognize some fundamental forms of testimony (namely, the testimony of victims of hermeneutic injustice), the definitions of the act of testifying and epistemic dependence seem to exclude them. Far from invalidating Broncano’s analysis, the internal tension, although problematic for cases in which the testimonial agent is subject to hermeneutic injustice is, firstly, necessary to understand cases of discursive injustice or testimonial injustice—and, therefore, I do not advocate its rejection?; and, secondly, it highlights the relevance of conceiving testimony as a social institution. Palabras clave: Testimonio, injusticia hermenéutica, cooperación epistémica, daño sexual. Keywords: Testimony, hermeneutic injustice, epistemic cooperation, sexual harm. (shrink)

Todo lo que pertenece a la prehistoria de los pueblos suramericanos permanece envuelto en la sombra; ninguna de sus culturas poseía una escritura; no conocemos tampoco con absoluta certeza el nombre de alguna de aquellas poblaciones, ni siquiera el nombre del pueblo de los Incas (ya que con este nombre se designaba sólo a sus jefes)�.

La reseña arqueológica abierta en el prestigioso Museo de Nápoles despliega los extraordinarios descubrimientos que, ininterrumpidamente, desde hace tres siglos restituyen un lejano pasado al mundo entero. Un gran acontecimiento cultural que, entre otros valiosos testimonios, presenta las grandes obras escultóricas extraídas en Herculano -donde a principios del siglo XVIII se emprendió el camino de la arqueología moderna- al que se añade otro evento, la reapertura del atrio monumental del Museo destinado a espacio expositivo, consideraos ambos un estreno inmejorable para (...) las iniciativas públicas de la Superintendencia Especial para los Bienes Arqueológicos de Nápoles y Pompeya. (shrink)

Este artículo desarrolla un recorrido teórico-crítico por la ontología oscilante de dos medios híbridos: la “novela visual” y la “novela gráfica”. El propósito es dilucidar en qué medida ambas producciones comparten una situación de hermanamiento con otras manifestaciones como la literatura y el cine. Así pues, tomando como caso de estudio estos dos géneros de videojuego y cómic, respectivamente, el presente trabajo aborda las implicaciones derivadas de su ambigüedad definitoria y la dificultad de delinear para ellos parcelas clasificatorias estables. En (...) este contexto es relevante la tensión, presente ya en sus propias nomenclaturas, entre la tendencia hacia el elemento literario-textual y la inclinación hacia el componente de imagen, polaridad alimentada por el debate entre narratividad e interactividad hasta desembocar en el “ensayo gráfico filosófico”. (shrink)

Este artículo toma como punto de partida la colaboración artística entre Rainer Maria Rilke y Balthazar Klossowski –Balthus– que vio la luz en la publicación del libro titulado Mitsou. Historia de un gato, con ilustraciones del joven pintor y prólogo del poeta. Este caso de estudio sirve como hilo conductor de un análisis de mayor calado sobre el problema de lo “Abierto”, concepto de orden nouménico que Rilke acuña en su intercambio creativo con Balthus, y que fue motivo concreto de (...) reflexión por parte de Martin Heidegger. El presente trabajo pretende abordar las implicaciones de afinidad y enfrentamiento entre Rilke y Heidegger, y profundizar en la figura del gato como imagen metafórica de la animalidad presente en el develamiento que acontece en el Da-sein. Para ello será necesario considerar aportaciones teóricas clave de Ortega y Gasset y Schopenhauer, así como posturas críticas de Giorgio Agamben y Jacques Derrida, específicamente relevantes en este debate, que se inclinan hacia una ontología animal de la alétheia. (shrink)

It has been said that Sophocles’ Ajax lacks unity, and that its conclusion loses part of its tragic effect. This paper examines the tragedy’s structure and the associated innovations introduced by Sophocles, focusing primarily on the double agon. The paper attempts to explain the agon’s dual nature by comparing Ajax with three other works, namely the Iliad, Ichneutai and, especially, the Hymn to Hermes.

In “Spinoza between the clouds. Philosophy of identity in Spinoza’s Ethics”, Stéphane Ferret offers a so-called integrative interpretation of the philosopher’s thought that can be summed up in a lapidary formula: Spinoza’s philosophy is a philosophy of identity. To give substance to and articulate this assertion, three statements of identity are proposed: God = World, Thought = Extent, Spirit = Body. With the exception of the first, they are often ignored and, even when glimpsed through the clouds of contradictory interpretations, (...) remain misunderstood. Three and a half centuries after the publication of Spinoza’s Ethics, the author here attempts to uncover the logical underpinnings of the text. (shrink)

The Global Financial Crisis of 2007–2009 exacerbated two distinct concerns about the independence of central banks: a concern about legitimacy and a concern about economic justice. This paper explores the legitimacy of independent central banks from the perspective of these two concerns, by presenting two distinct models of central banking and their different claims to political legitimacy and distributive justice. I argue primarily that we should avoid construing central bank independence in binary terms, such that central banks either are, or (...) are not, independent. I will argue that we should instead construe central bank independence in scalar terms, so that independence admits of degree, thus allowing us to develop an account of independence in which central banks can retain it to the extent necessary for economic efficiency, while meeting reasonable concerns regarding democratic legitimacy and economic justice. (shrink)

The book delves into mathematical mindsets, a current approach to understanding mathematical identities, as well as success and failure in mathematics.

Lawrence, Carmen Why should we protect our heritage? In the broadest sense our heritage is what we inherit; it's what we value of that inheritance and what we decide to keep and protect for future generations. Heritage is both global enough to encompass our shock at the destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan in Afghanistan and as local as our own sepia-tinted family photographs. Everything which our predecessors have bequeathed, both tangible and intangible, may be called heritage - landscapes, (...) structures, objects, traditions, stories and language. (shrink)

By studying the logic that unites play, the rules of games and the body of players, this article intends to highlight a spatial mimesis through play and games. It consists of carrying out a Ricœurian anthropology of play and game, taking Ricœur's analysis of the relationship between time and narrative as a model. The article then shows that play prefigures the physical space as a lived space, that game configures a space of rules and that the player's body is refigured (...) by the spatiality of the rules of the game. This application of the ternary model of Ricœurian mimesis thus allows a unified understanding of play and games by space, and of space by play and games. (shrink)